What is the pleura made of?

The pleura consists of connective tissue (CT) interspersed with lymphatics and vessels (not typically apparent). The outer surface is lined by a single layer of flattened epithelium, called mesothelium (arrows).

The pleural cavity consists of a double-layered membrane lining the inside of the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura) and the outside of the lung surface (visceral pleura). Each pleural membrane consists of a layer of mesothelial cells lined with a brush border of microvilli, and several noncellular layers.

The pleura is a serous membrane which folds back onto itself to form a two-layered membrane structure. The thin space is known as the pleural cavity and contains a small amount of pleural fluid (few milliliters in a normal human). The outer pleura is attached to the chest wall (1-9).

Your pleura is a large, thin sheet of tissue that wraps around the outside of your lungs and lines the inside of your chest cavity. Between the layers of the pleura is a very thin space.

The pleural mesothelial cell (PMC) is the most common cell in the pleural space and is the primary cell that initiates responses to noxious stimuli (3). PMCs are metabolically active cells that maintain a dynamic state of homeostasis in the pleural space.

(MEE-dee-uh-STY-num) The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large blood vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, the thymus, and lymph nodes but not the lungs.

The Pleural Cavity is filled with a small amount of serous fluid which forms a thin film of liquid between the pleural layers. This is vital in that it prevents separation of the two pleural layers and lubricates the surface, so the lungs can move easily within the thoracic cavity.

[2] The thoracic cavity contains organs and tissues that function in the respiratory (lungs, bronchi, trachea, pleura), cardiovascular (heart, pericardium, great vessels, lymphatics), nervous (vagus nerve, sympathetic chain, phrenic nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve), immune (thymus) and digestive (esophagus) systems.

Pleural fluid is a serous fluid produced by the serous membrane covering normal pleurae. Most fluid is produced by the exudation in parietal circulation (intercostal arteries) via bulk flow and reabsorbed by the lymphatic system. Thus, pleural fluid is produced and reabsorbed continuously.

lung structure Depending on the subjacent structures, the parietal pleura can be subdivided into three portions: the mediastinal, costal, and diaphragmatic pleurae.

The pleura includes two thin layers of tissue that protect and cushion the lungs. The inner layer (visceral pleura) wraps around the lungs and is stuck so tightly to the lungs that it cannot be peeled off. The outer layer (parietal pleura) lines the inside of the chest wall.

(PLOOR-uh) A thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity. It protects and cushions the lungs.

Your bronchi (BRAWN-kai) are the large tubes that connect to your trachea (windpipe) and direct the air you breathe to your right and left lungs. They are in your chest. Bronchi is the plural form of bronchus. The left bronchus carries air to your left lung. The right bronchus carries air to your right lung.

If you have pleurisy, these tissues swell and become inflamed. As a result, the two layers of the pleural membrane rub against each other like two pieces of sandpaper, producing pain when you inhale and exhale. The pleuritic pain lessens or stops when you hold your breath.

The lungs and respiratory system allow oxygen in the air to be taken into the body, while also letting the body get rid of carbon dioxide in the air breathed out.

The hilum encompasses the root of the lung and consists of the major pulmonary vessels, bronchial walls, and lymph nodes.

The superior mediastinum is the region sandwiched between the pleural sac on each side above an imaginary line from the angle of Louis in front to the fourth/fifth thoracic intervertebral disc behind.

The posterior mediastinum includes the descending aorta, adjacent osseous structures (the spine and ribs), nerves, roots, spinal cord, esophagus, azygous and hemiazygous veins, and some lymph nodes.

Pleural fluid is produced at parietal pleural level, mainly in the less dependent regions of the cavity. Reabsorption is accomplished by parietal pleural lymphatics in the most dependent part of the cavity, on the diaphragmatic surface and in the mediastinal regions.

Air can enter the intrapleural space through a communication from the chest wall (ie, trauma) or through the lung parenchyma across the visceral pleura.

Transudative pleural effusion is caused by fluid leaking into the pleural space. This is from increased pressure in the blood vessels or a low blood protein count. Heart failure is the most common cause.

The organs of the thorax include the thymus gland, the breasts, the heart, the lungs, the tracheobronchial tree and the pleurae. The thymus gland is located in the superior mediastinum of the thoracic cavity but may also extend into the neck.

Heart. The pericardial cavity contains the heart, the muscular pump that drives the blood around the cardiovascular system. To expose the pericardial cavity, continue the incision into the pleuroperitoneal cavity forward through the coracoid bar and the hypobranchial musculature.

The mediastinum is a division of the thoracic cavity; it contains the heart, thymus gland, portions of the esophagus and trachea, and other structures. For clinical purposes it is traditionally divided into the anterior, middle, posterior, and superior regions.

Transudate is extravascular fluid with low protein content and a low specific gravity (< 1.012). It has low nucleated cell counts (less than 500 to 1000 /microliter) and the primary cell types are mononuclear cells: macrophages, lymphocytes and mesothelial cells.

Pleural fluid production (approximately 15-20 mL/day) [4] is dependent on the same Starling forces that govern the movement of fluid between vascular and interstitial spaces throughout the body.

Transudates are usually caused by increased systemic or pulmonary capillary pressure and decreased osmotic pressure, resulting in increased filtration and decreased absorption of pleural fluid. Major causes are cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, and protein-losing enteropathy.

The mediastinum houses many vital structures including the heart, great vessels, trachea, and essential nerves. It also functions as a protected pathway for structures traversing from the neck, superiorly, and into the abdomen, inferiorly.

The lines along which the parietal pleura changes direction as it passes from one wall of the pleural cavity to another are called the lines of pleural reflection. … The lines of pleural reflection are formed by the parietal pleura as it changes direction (reflects) from one wall of the pleural cavity to another.

The costal and cervical portions of the parietal pleura are innervated by the intercostal nerve, and the diaphragmatic portion is supplied by the phrenic nerve.

The pleura consists of a visceral and parietal layer that is composed of a continuous surface epithelium of mesothelial cells and underlying connective tissue. The visceral pleura covers the lungs and interlobar fissures, whereas the parietal pleura lines the ribs, diaphragm, and mediastinum.

Collapsed lung can be caused by an injury to the lung. Injuries can include a gunshot or knife wound to the chest, rib fracture, or certain medical procedures. In some cases, a collapsed lung is caused by air blisters (blebs) that break open, sending air into the space around the lung.

(BRON-kus) A large airway that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to a lung. The plural of bronchus is bronchi. Enlarge. Anatomy of the respiratory system, showing the trachea and both lungs and their lobes and airways.

The left main bronchus is smaller in caliber but longer than the right, being 5 cm long. … The left bronchus has no eparterial branch, and therefore it has been supposed by some that there is no upper lobe to the left lung, but that the so-called upper lobe corresponds to the middle lobe of the right lung.

Structurally similar to the trachea, the two primary bronchi are located inside the lungs. The right bronchus is slightly larger than the left one. Because of this, foreign objects breathed into the lungs often end up in the right bronchus.